Overview
The Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention will take place in Geneva, Switzerland, from 28 November to 16 December 2022.
Information for Participants
On 29 September 2022, the Implementation Support Unit published a note providing information on attending the Review Conference. Those wishing to attend the Review Conference should consult the information note and then click below to register.
Officers
PRESIDENT-DESIGNATE - LEONARDO BENCINI
Graduated in International Relations at the University of Florence, 1991
Joined Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1993
1993-1997, at the Political Affairs Directorate, responsible for human rights issues
1997-1998, at the Political Affairs Directorate, Research and Planning Unit
1998-2001, Consul at the Consulate General of Italy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
2001-2005, Deputy Head of Mission at the Embassy of Italy to Norway and Iceland, Oslo
2005-2010, Deputy Head of UN Office, Multilateral Political Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in charge of United Nations issues (reform of the UNSC, peace-keeping, peacebuilding)
2010-2014, First Counsellor, Head of the Trade and Economic Section, Embassy of Italy to the Russian Federation and to Turkmenistan, Moscow
2014-2018, Consul General at the Consulate General of Italy in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
2018-2019, Minister Plenipotentiary, Directorate-General for Development Cooperation, MFA, in charge of communication
2019-2022 Director of Strategy, Global Processes and International Organisations, Directorate-General for Development Cooperation, MFA. In charge of global health issues
From May 2022, Ambassador, Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva
Documents
Pre-session Documents
BWC/CONF.IX/1 - Provisional agenda for the Ninth Review Conference
BWC/CONF.IX/1/Add.1 - Annotated provisional agenda for the Ninth Review Conference
BWC/CONF.IX/2 - Draft rules of procedure of the Ninth Review Conference
BWC/CONF.IX/3 - Provisional indicative programme of work - Submitted by the President-Designate - Advance Version
BWC/CONF.IX/4 - Compliance by States Parties with all their obligations under the Convention
BWC/CONF.IX/8 - Estimated costs of the meetings to be held from 2023–2026
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/10 - Final report of the Preparatory Committee
Conference Documents
BWC/CONF.IX/CRP.1 - Organization and work of the Conference*
BWC/CONF.IX/CRP.2 - Draft Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference*
BWC/CONF.IX/CRP.2/Rev.1 - Draft Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference*
BWC/CONF.IX/CRP.2/Rev.2 - Draft Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference*
BWC/CONF.IX/INF.1/Rev.1 - Revised list of participants
BWC/CONF.IX/9 - Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference*
Background Documents
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/3 - History and operation of the confidence-building measures - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/4 - The overall financial status of the Convention and financial implications of proposals for follow-on action after the Ninth Review Conference - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/5 - Additional understandings and agreements reached by previous Review Conferences relating to each article of the Convention - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/6 - Common understandings reached by the Meetings of States Parties during the intersessional programme held from 2017 to 2020 - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/7 - Status of universalization of the Convention - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/PC/8 - Report of the Implementation Support Unit on the implementation of its mandate, 2017-2022 - Submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/4 - Compliance by States Parties with all their obligations under the Convention
BWC/CONF.IX/5 - Implementation of Article VII of the Convention - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/6 - Implementation of Article X of the Convention - Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
BWC/CONF.IX/7 - New scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention -Background information document submitted by the Implementation Support Unit
Committee of the Whole
BWC/CONF.IX/COW/INF.1 - Proposals made to the Committee of the Whole (as at 15.00, 3 December 2022) - Submitted by the Chair of the Committee of the Whole
BWC/CONF.IX/COW/INF.1/Add.1 - Proposals made to the Committee of the Whole (as at 15.00, 3 December 2022) - Addendum
BWC/CONF.IX/COW/INF.2 - Combined proposals made to the Committee of the Whole - Submitted by the Chair of the Committee of the Whole
BWC/CONF.IX/COW/INF.2/Add.1 - Combined proposals made to the Committee of the Whole - Addendum
Working Papers
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.1 - “Strengthening National, Sub-Regional and International Capacities to Prepare for and Respond to the Deliberate Use of Biological Weapons”: Final Project Report - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.2 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention Regarding the Establishment of a Temporary Experts Working Group - Submitted by Canada and the Netherlands
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.2/Rev.1 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention Regarding the Establishment of a Temporary Experts Working Group - Submitted by Canada and the Netherlands
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.3 - Concept note on the creation of an International Agency for Biological Safety (IABS) - Submitted by Kazakhstan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.4 - Conference on Kazakhstan’s Initiative of an International Agency for Biological Safety (IABS). 12 April 2022.Summary of discussions - Submitted by Kazakhstan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.5 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention regarding the establishment of a Working Group to create the International Agency for Biological Safety (IABS) - Submitted by Kazakhstan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.5/Rev.1 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention regarding the establishment of a Working Group to create the International Agency for Biological Safety (IABS) - Submitted by Kazakhstan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.6 - El bloqueo económico, comercial y financiero de los Estados Unidos contra Cuba como violación del Artículo X de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas - Presentado por Cuba
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.7 - Implementación Nacional de la Convención sobre Armas Biológicas - Presentado por Cuba
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.8 - Propuesta para reiniciar negociaciones de un protocolo jurídicamente vinculante para el fortalecimiento de la Convención de Armas Biológicas - Presentado por Cuba
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.9 - Advances in Science and Technology: Impact on Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic and Relevance to Article VII of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention - Submitted by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.10 - Establishing a BTWC Science and Technology Advisory Process - Submitted by Switzerland
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.11 - A proposal for amending the Convention to incorporate therein the explicit "Prohibition of the Use of Biological Weapons" - Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.12 - Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention. Operationalising mobile biomedical units to deliver protection against biological weapons, investigate their alleged use, and to suppress epidemics of various etiology - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.13 - Proposal to enhance the format of confidence-building measures under the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.14 - Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention: Proposal for the establishment of a Scientific Advisory Committee - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.15 - Strengthening the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): Proposal for the BWC Article VI Implementation - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.16 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.17 - Implementation of Article VII - Submitted by South Africa
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.18 - “Strengthening the Capacity of Biological Weapons Convention National Contact Points in Southeast Asia”: Final Project Report - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.19 - The BWC One Health Surveillance Network - Building an international network of institutions for the surveillance, prevention, preparedness, response and assistance in case of biological incidents against agriculture, livestock and biodiversity - Submitted by Argentina and Brazil
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.20 - Exploring Science and Technology Review Mechanisms under the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by Canada and Germany
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.21 - An exchange Platform for voluntary transparency exercises: Terms of reference - Submitted by Belgium, Canada, Chile, Czech Republic, France, Georgia, Germany, Luxembourg, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands and Spain
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.22 - Proposal for the establishment of a database for assistance under Article VII of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention - Submitted by India and France
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.23 - Proposal for establishment of an international platform dedicated to biosecurity and biosafety: SecBio - Submitted by France, Senegal and Togo
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.24 - Report on Implementation of Article X of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention - Submitted by the United States of America
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.25 - Confidence-Building Measures 30 years later – a good time for renewed consideration? - Submitted by the United States of America
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.26 - Outline of Proposals to Enhance the Institutional Machinery of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in the Context of Cooperation and Assistance Under Article X - Submitted by Finland, Georgia, Norway and the Philippines
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.27 - An Analytical Approach: Biosafety and Biosecurity Oversight Framework - Submitted by Canada
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.28 - Laboratory Incidents Notification Canada (LINC) Program Overview - Submitted by Canada
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.29 - Reinforcing Laboratory Biosafety and Biosecurity Internationally - Submitted by Canada, Germany, Mexico, and the United States of America
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.30 - Article I: Reinforcing the core prohibition of the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by the United States of America
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.31 - Advances in the Field of Biological Science and Technology and Urgent Need to Maximize Their Availability to Developing Countries - Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.32 - Establishment of a National Inventory of Dangerous Pathogens. An illustrative example of the implementation of Articles IV and X - Submitted by Sri Lanka and the Netherlands
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.33 - Reinforcing the Mechanism of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction - Submitted by China
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.34 - Promoting International Cooperation on Peaceful Uses under the Framework of the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by China
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.35 - Proposals for Strengthening Implementation of Article X of the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by the Islamic Republic of Iran
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.36 - Biorisk management standards and their role in BTWC implementation -Submitted by Austria, Belgium, Chile, France, Germany, Iraq, Ireland, Mexico, Netherlands, Philippines, Republic of Korea, Spain, Thailand and the United States
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.37 - Position of the European Union relating to the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention - Submitted by the European Union
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.38 - Support of the European Union and its Member States to Strengthening Biosafety and Biosecurity Globally - Submitted by the European Union
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.39 - Investigation framework to strengthen the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.40 - Approach to Strengthening Measures for Emerging Infectious Diseases based on Lessons Learned from the Ebola Outbreak - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.41 - “Strengthening National, Sub-Regional and International Capacities to Prepare for and Respond to the Deliberate Useof Biological Weapons”: Project update - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.42 - Online Training Course for Biological Weapons Convention National Contact Points in Southeast Asia: A Model Approach for Other Regions - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.43 - “Strengthening National, Sub-Regional and International Capacities to Prepare for and Respond to the Deliberate Use of Biological Weapons”: Project update - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.44 - Concept note and chart produced by the Chairperson of the 2020 Meeting of Experts on Review of Developments in the Field of Science and Technology Related to the Convention - Submitted by Japan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.45 - Proposal to establish an ad hoc group for the intersessional period to strengthen the Biological Weapons Convention through a legally binding protocol - Submitted by Cuba
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.46 - The decision of the Russian Federation to withdraw from the Eastern European Group of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction (BTWC) - Submitted by Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.47 - Proposals for the Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC): Article by Article - Submitted by the Republic of Azerbaijan on behalf of the Group of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other States to the BWC
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.48 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention on “Enhancing Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment as an Integral Part of the Institutional Strengthening of the Biological Weapons Convention” - Submitted by Panama
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.49 - Engaging the Next Generation in Global Biosecurity: Proposals for strengthening youth participation in the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by Kenya and Panama
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.50 - Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Article X Compliance Mechanism for the 9th Review Conference - Submitted by the Republic of Azerbaijan on behalf of the Group of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other States to the BWC
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.51 - International Activities of Global Partnership Member Countries related to Article X of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (2017-2022) - Submitted by: Canada, Co-Sponsored by: Belgium, Denmark, the European Union, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the United States
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.52 - Efforts of the Kyrgyz Republic in enhancing implementation of the Biological Weapons Convention: Peer Review Exercise under EU Council Decision 2019/97 in support of the Biological Weapons Convention - Submitted by the Kyrgyz Republic
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.53 - Proposals for the Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC): Intersessional Programme, Implementation Support Unit and Science and Technology - Submitted by the Republic of Azerbaijan on behalf of the Group of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other States to the BWC
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.54 - Proposals for the Final Document of the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC): Final Declaration - Submitted by the Republic of Azerbaijan on behalf of the Group of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other States to the BWC
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.55 - Simulation and table-top exercises as a tool to enhance preparedness and response: Example from the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) - Submitted by the Philippines
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.56 - International cooperation, assistance and exchange in the use of biological sciences and technology for peaceful purposes. Proposal for the establishment of a Cooperation Committee - Submitted by the Republic of Azerbaijan on behalf of the Group of the Non-Aligned Movement and Other States Parties to the BWC
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.57 - Proposal for inclusion in the final document of the 9th Review Conference of the Biological Weapons Convention on establishment of an Ad Hoc Working Group - Submitted by Pakistan
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.58 - Military biological activities of the US and Ukraine on the Ukrainian territory in violation of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BТWC) - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.59 - Certain measures by the Russian Federation in the implementation of Article X of the BTWC in 2017-2022 - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.60 - Proposals to Improve Biological Security and Enhance Confidence-Building Measures under the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention - Submitted by the Russian Federation
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.61 - Advocating Responsible Biological Research: the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct for Scientists - Submitted by China and Pakistan, co-sponsored by Brazil and North Macedonia
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.62 - Proposals to Enhance Confidence-Building Measures Participation by Step-by Step Approach - Submitted by Japan, co-sponsored by Australia, Germany, Malaysia and Republic of Korea
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.63 - For the sake of all mankind - Submitted by Guyana
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.64 - Strengthening Cooperation among States Parties and Relevant International Organizations in Response to Deliberate Spread of Infectious Diseases - Submitted by Japan, co-sponsored by the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
BWC/CONF.IX/WP.65 - Draft Terms of Reference and Rules of Procedure toward the development of a BWC Science and Technology Advisory Process - Submitted by North Macedonia
Summary records
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.1 - Summary record of the 1st meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.2 - Summary record of the 2nd meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.3 - Summary record of the 3rd meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.4 - Summary record of the 4th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.5 - Summary record of the 5th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.6 - Summary record of the 6th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.7 - Summary record of the 7th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.8 - Summary record of the 8th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.9 - Summary record of the 9th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.10 - Summary record of the 10th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.11 - Summary record of the 11th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.12 - Summary record of the 12th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.13 - Summary record of the 13th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.14 - Summary record of the 14th meeting
BWC/CONF.IX/SR.15 - Summary record of the 15th meeting
Side Events
Programme of Side events
Ninth BWC Review Conference
All meeting rooms are located in building E of the Palais des Nations.
Background
Think Zone
Following requests from States Parties and other stakeholders, the Implementation Support Unit has created this “Think Zone” in order to aggregate information that may be of use to States Parties in their preparations for the Ninth BWC Review Conference.
On these pages you will find links to articles, papers and other resources. These links are provided for information purposes only. The views and opinions expressed in the publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the ISU, the President-Designate of the Review Conference or the States Parties. Items are posted here as a service to website readers and posting does not imply endorsement. The ISU is not responsible for the content of third party websites.
This page will be updated as and when additional items become available. If you would like to suggest something to be included on this page, please email the document or a link directly to the ISU at bwc@un.org.
General Articles
Bajema, Natasha E., et al. Understanding the Threat of Biological Weapons in a World with COVID-19. The Janne E. Nolan Center on Strategic Weapons, an institute of The Council on Strategic Risk, May 2022, p. 74. https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Understanding-the-Threat-of-Biological-Weapons-in-a-World-With-COVID_2022_2_17.pdf
Bowman, Katherine, and Jo L. Husbands. “Engaging Scientists in Biosecurity: Lessons from the Biological Weapons Convention.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 557–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1827840.
Cross, Glenn. “Wrestling with Imponderables: Assessing Perceptions of Biological-Weapons Utility.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 343–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1858621.
Cross, Glenn, and Lynn Klotz. “Twenty-First Century Perspectives on the Biological Weapon Convention: Continued Relevance or Toothless Paper Tiger.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 76, no. 4, July 2020, pp. 185–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2020.1778365.
Dalaqua, Renata Hessmann, et al. Understanding Sex- and Gender-Related Impacts of Chemical and Biological Weapons. 2019. https://unidir.org/sites/default/files/2019-11/Missing%20Links-3.pdf.
Epstein, Gerald L. “Biodefense and the Return to Great-Power Competition.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 409–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1852751.
Goodman, Michael, and Filippa Lentzos. “Battles of Influence: Deliberate Disinformation and Global Health Security.” Centre for International Governance Innovation, 24 Aug. 2022, https://www.cigionline.org/articles/battles-influence-deliberate-disinformation-and-global-health-security/.
Haider, Naeem. “Chemical and Biological Weapons Conventions: Orienting to Emerging Challenges Through a Cooperative Approach.” Enhancing CBRNE Safety & Security: Proceedings of the SICC 2017 Conference, edited by Andrea Malizia and Marco D’Arienzo, Springer International Publishing, 2018, pp. 253–60. Springer Link, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91791-7_29.
Klotz, Lynn C. “Is There a Role for the Biological Weapons Convention in Oversight of Lab-Created Potential Pandemic Pathogens?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 27 Aug. 2019, https://thebulletin.org/2019/08/is-there-a-role-for-the-biological-weapons-convention-in-oversight-of-lab-created-potential-pandemic-pathogens/.
Lentzos, Filippa, and Jez Littlewood. “Don’t Let Finger-Pointing Doom This Key Treaty against Bioweapons.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 4 Mar. 2022, https://thebulletin.org/2022/03/dont-let-finger-pointing-doom-this-key-treaty-against-bioweapons/.
Mangu, Chacha D. “Biological and Toxin Warfare Convention: Current Status and Future Prospects.” Handbook on Biological Warfare Preparedness, edited by S. J. S Flora and Vidhu Pachauri, Academic Press, 2020, pp. 209–15. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812026-2.00011-6.
Office for Disarmament Affairs. Securing Our Common Future: An Agenda for Disarmament. United Nations, 2018. Open WorldCat, https://www.un.org/disarmament/publications/more/securing-our-common-future/.
Saunders, Emma. “Can the Biological Weapons Convention Address New Biothreats?” Chatham House – International Affairs Think Tank, 25 Nov. 2021, https://www.chathamhouse.org/2021/11/can-biological-weapons-convention-address-new-biothreats.
Schoch-Spana, Monica, et al. “Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Toward a Working Definition.” Health Security, vol. 15, no. 4, Aug. 2017, pp. 323–28. PubMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0038.
Assistance and Cooperation
Chaturvedi, Sachin. “Post-COVID-19 Development and Global Governance: The Emerging Role of Science and Technology.” OECD Development Matters, 10 Sept. 2020, https://oecd-development-matters.org/2020/09/10/post-covid-19-development-and-global-governance-the-emerging-role-of-science-and-technology/.
Revill, James, et al. Options for Article X of the Biological Weapons Convention. UNIDIR, 3 Feb. 2022. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/21/BWC/04.
Norlock, Stephanie Marie, et al. “South-to-South Mentoring as a Vehicle for Implementing Sustainable Health Security in Africa.” One Health Outlook, vol. 3, no. 1, Oct. 2021, p. 20. BioMed Central, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00050-x.
Georgetown University Center for Global Health Science and Security and The Henry L. Stimson Center. Catalogue of Civil Society Assistance to States Parties in Support of Article X of The Biological Weapons Convention. 2020, https://www.stimson.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2020-CATALOG-OF-CIVIL-SOCIETY-ASSISTANCE-TO-STATES-PARTIES.pdf.
Science and Technology
Alley, Ethan C., et al. “A Machine Learning Toolkit for Genetic Engineering Attribution to Facilitate Biosecurity.” Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2020, p. 6293. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19612-0.
Berger, Kavita M., and Rocco J. Casagrande. “Twentieth-Century Nonproliferation Meets Twenty-First-Century Biotechnology.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 541–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1819690.
Brackmann, Maximilian, et al. “Assessing Emerging Technologies from an Arms Control Perspective.” Frontiers in Research Metrics and Analytics, vol. 7, 2022, https://doi.org/10.3389/frma.2022.1012355.
DiEuliis, Diane, and James Giordano. “NCT Magazine July - ‘Designer Biology’ and the Need for Biosecurity-by-Design.” Center for the Study of Weapons of Mass Destruction, 28 July 2022, http://nct-magazine.com/nct-magazine-july/designer-biology-and-the-need-for-biosecurity-by-design/.
Edwards, Lucien. “We’ve Got to Talk: The Militarization of Biotechnology.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 4 Aug. 2017, https://thebulletin.org/2017/08/weve-got-to-talk-the-militarization-of-biotechnology/.
El Karoui, Meriem, et al. “Future Trends in Synthetic Biology—A Report.” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 7, Aug. 2019, p. 175. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00175.
Esvelt, Kevin M. “Inoculating Science against Potential Pandemics and Information Hazards.” PLOS Pathogens, edited by Carolyn B. Coyne, vol. 14, no. 10, Oct. 2018, p. e1007286. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1007286.
Field, Matt. “Gene-Editing on Autopilot: What Could Go Wrong?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 5 Mar. 2019, https://thebulletin.org/2019/03/gene-editing-on-autopilot-what-could-go-wrong/.
Hamburg, Margaret A., et al. “Taking Action to Safeguard Bioscience and Protect Against Future Global Biological Risks.” Science & Diplomacy, 9 Feb. 2022, https://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2022/taking-action-safeguard-bioscience-and-protect-against-future-global-biological.
Hamele, Cait, et al. Leveraging Advances in Biotechnology to Strengthen Biological Weapons Convention Verification Protocols. June 2022. https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Leveraging-Advances-in-Biotechnology_FinalRevisions_Rev3.pdf.
International Working Group on Strengthening the Culture of Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Responsible Conduct in the Life Sciences (IWG). A Guide to Training and Information Resources on the Culture of Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Responsible Conduct in the Life Sciences. 2021, https://biosecuritycentral.org/static/5d1e316cd98429d868f217ff393a354b/Culture%20of%20Biosafety%20and%20Biosecurity%20Guide%20to%20Training%20and%20Information_2021.pdf.
Kosal, Margaret E. “CRISPR and New Genetic-Engineering Techniques: Emerging Challenges to Strategic Stability and Nonproliferation.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 389–408. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1879464.
Lentzos, Filippa. “How to Protect the World from Ultra-Targeted Biological Weapons.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 76, no. 6, Nov. 2020, pp. 302–08. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2020.1846412.
Lewis, Gregory. “Horsepox Synthesis: A Case of the Unilateralist’s Curse?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 19 Feb. 2018, https://thebulletin.org/2018/02/horsepox-synthesis-a-case-of-the-unilateralists-curse/.
Lewis, Gregory. “The Biosecurity Benefits of Genetic Engineering Attribution.” Nature Communications, vol. 11, no. 1, Dec. 2020, p. 6294. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19149-2.
Millett, Piers, et al. “The Synthetic-Biology Challenges for Biosecurity: Examples from IGEM.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 443–58. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1866884.
Millett, Kathryn, et al. “Cyber-Biosecurity Risk Perceptions in the Biotech Sector.” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 7, 2019. Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2019.00136.
Musunuri, Sriharshita, et al. “Rapid Proliferation of Pandemic Research: Implications for Dual-Use Risks.” MBio, edited by Paul Keim, vol. 12, no. 5, Oct. 2021, pp. e01864-21. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01864-21.
Nixdorff, Kathryn. “Developments in Systems Biology: Implications for Health and Biochemical Security.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 459–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865632.
Peters, Alexandra. “The Global Proliferation of High-Containment Biological Laboratories: Understanding the Phenomenon and Its Implications.” Revue Scientifique et Technique de l’OIE, vol. 37, no. 3, Dec. 2018, pp. 857–83. https://doi.org/10.20506/rst.37.3.2892.
Revill, James, et al. Exploring Science and Technology Review Mechanisms Under the Biological Weapons Convention. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 14 June 2021. https://doi.org/10.37559/SECTEC/2021/SandTreviews/01.
Spiez Laboratory. Spiez CONVERGENCE: Report on the Fourth Workshop 10, 13 – 15 September 2021. Nov. 2021, https://www.spiezlab.admin.ch/en/home/meta/refconvergence.html.
Spiez Laboratory. Spiez CONVERGENCE: Report on the Third Workshop 11 – 14 September 2018. Nov. 2018, https://www.spiezlab.admin.ch/en/home/meta/refconvergence.html.
Trump, Benjamin D. Emerging Threats of Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology Addressing Security and Resilience Issues. Springer Netherlands, 2021, https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/72042.
United Nations. Report of the Secretary-General: Current Developments in Science and Technology and Their Potential Impact on International Security and Disarmament Efforts. 2020, https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/stu-science-tech-sg-rpt-2020-rev1.pdf.
Wang, Fangzhong, and Weiwen Zhang. “Synthetic Biology: Recent Progress, Biosafety and Biosecurity Concerns, and Possible Solutions.” Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, vol. 1, no. 1, Mar. 2019, pp. 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2018.12.003.
Warmbrod, Kelsey Lane, et al. Advances in Science and Technology in the Life Sciences: Implications for Biosecurity and Arms Control. UNIDIR, 2020, https://unidir.org/sites/default/files/2020-08/Advances%20in%20Science%20and%20Technology%20in%20the%20Life%20Sciences%20-%20Final.pdf.
National Implementation
Bowman, Katherine, et al. “Assessing the Risks and Benefits of Advances in Science and Technology: Exploring the Potential of Qualitative Frameworks.” Health Security, vol. 18, no. 3, June 2020, pp. 186–94. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2019.0134.
Brizee, Sabrina, Mark W. J. van Passel, et al. “Development of a Biosecurity Checklist for Laboratory Assessment and Monitoring.” Applied Biosafety, vol. 24, no. 2, June 2019, pp. 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676019838077.
Brizee, Sabrina, Musa Kwehangana, et al. “Establishment of a National Inventory of Dangerous Pathogens in the Republic of Uganda.” Health Security, vol. 17, no. 3, 2019, pp. 169–73. unog.primo.exlibrisgroup.com, https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2018.0112.
Cameron, Beth, et al. Preventing Global Catastrophic Biological Risks: Lessons and Recommendations from a Tabletop Exercise Held at the 2020 Munich Security Conference. Nuclear Threat Initiative, 2020, https://media.nti.org/documents/NTI_BIO_TTX_RPT_FINAL.pdf.
Evans, Sam Weiss, et al. “Embrace Experimentation in Biosecurity Governance.” Science, vol. 368, no. 6487, Apr. 2020, pp. 138–40. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aba2932.
Koblentz, Gregory, and Filippa Lentzos. “A Plan B to Strengthen Biosafety and Biosecurity: A ‘Minilateral’ Approach Is Needed to Strengthen Global Biorisk Management.” Council on Foreign Relations, 15 Nov. 2022, https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/article/plan-b-strengthen-biosafety-and-biosecurity.
Lentzos, Filippa. “How Do We Control Dangerous Biological Research?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 12 Apr. 2018, https://thebulletin.org/2018/04/how-do-we-control-dangerous-biological-research/.
Lentzos, Filippa. “Strengthen the Taboo against Biological and Chemical Weapons.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 26 July 2018, https://thebulletin.org/2018/07/strengthen-the-taboo-against-biological-and-chemical-weapons/.
Lentzos, Filippa, et al. The Urgent Need for an Overhaul of Global Biorisk Management. Apr. 2022, https://ctc.westpoint.edu/the-urgent-need-for-an-overhaul-of-global-biorisk-management/.
Novossiolova, Tatyana A., et al. “The Vital Importance of a Web of Prevention for Effective Biosafety and Biosecurity in the Twenty-First Century.” One Health Outlook, vol. 3, no. 1, Sept. 2021, p. 17. PubMed, https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00049-4.
Rodgers, Joseph, et al. “How to Make Sure the Labs Researching the Most Dangerous Pathogens Are Safe and Secure.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2 July 2021, https://thebulletin.org/2021/07/how-to-make-sure-the-labs-researching-the-most-dangerous-pathogens-are-safe-and-secure/.
Sun, Tao, et al. “Challenges and Recent Progress in the Governance of Biosecurity Risks in the Era of Synthetic Biology.” Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, vol. 4, no. 1, 2022, pp. 59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2022.02.002.
Vennis, Iris M., et al. “Systematic Approach towards Establishing a National Inventory of Dangerous Pathogens.” Global Health Action, vol. 14, no. 1, 2021, pp. 1971866–1971866. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2021.1971866.
Assistance, Preparedness, and Response
Ackerman, Gary A., et al. “Why COVID Probably Hasn’t Helped Bioterrorists, despite Fears.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 11 Aug. 2022, https://thebulletin.org/2022/08/why-covid-probably-hasnt-helped-bioterrorists-despite-fears/.
Bell, Jessica A., and Jennifer B. Nuzzo. Global Health Security Index: Advancing Collective Action and Accountability Amid Global Crisis. Nuclear Threat Initiative, Dec. 2021, https://www.ghsindex.org/.
Carus, W. Seth. “Perspectives on ‘Bioterrorism’ in the Nineteenth Century: The Philosophy of Mass Destruction, Fake News, and Other Fictions.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 267–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1843252.
Duff, Johnathan H., et al. “A Global Public Health Convention for the 21st Century.” The Lancet Public Health, vol. 6, no. 6, June 2021, pp. e428–33. www.thelancet.com, https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(21)00070-0.
Esvelt, Kevin. “How a Deliberate Pandemic Could Crush Societies and What to Do about It.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 15 Nov. 2022, https://thebulletin.org/2022/11/how-a-deliberate-pandemic-could-crush-societies-and-what-to-do-about-it/.
Global Preparedness Monitoring Board. From Worlds Apart to a World Prepared: Global Preparedness Monitoring Board Report 2021. 2021, https://www.gpmb.org/docs/librariesprovider17/default-document-library/gpmb-annual-report-2021.pdf?sfvrsn=44d10dfa_9.
Gostin, Lawrence O., et al. “An International Agreement on Pandemic Prevention and Preparedness.” JAMA, vol. 326, no. 13, Oct. 2021, pp. 1257–58. Silverchair, https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.16104.
Kamradt-Scott, Adam, et al. “Singapore Statement on Global Health Security.” BMJ Global Health, vol. 7, no. 6, June 2022. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009949.
Lehtimaki, Susanna, et al. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, Apr. 2021, https://doi.org/10.37941/RR/2021/1.
Naik, Shambhavi, and Aditya Ramanathan. “The New Bioweapons Peril: A Case to Revisit the Biological Weapons Convention.” Indian Public Policy Review, vol. 3, no. 1 (Jan-Feb), 1 (Jan-Feb), Jan. 2022, pp. 59–76. https://doi.org/10.55763/ippr.2022.03.01.004.
Revill, James. “Past as Prologue? The Risk of Adoption of Chemical and Biological Weapons by Non-State Actors in the EU.” European Journal of Risk Regulation, vol. 8, no. 4, Dec. 2017, pp. 626–42. https://doi.org/10.1017/err.2017.35.
United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute. A Prosecutor’s Guide to Chemical and Biological Crimes. May 2022, https://unicri.it/sites/default/files/2022-09/A%20Prosecutor%E2%80%99s%20Guide%20to%20Chemical%20and%20Biological%20Crimes.pdf.
United Nations Office of Counter-Terrorism. Ensuring Effective Interagency Interoperability and Coordinated Communication in Case of Chemical and/or Biological Attacks. 2019, https://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org.counterterrorism/files/uncct_ctitf_wmd_wg_project_publication_final.pdf.
World Health Organization. Report of the Review Committee on the Functioning of the International Health Regulations (2005) during the COVID-19 Response. 30 Apr. 2021, https://cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/documents/emergencies/a74_9add1-en.pdf?sfvrsn=d5d22fdf_1&download=true.
World Health Organization. Joint External Evaluation Tool: International Health Regulations (2005). WHO/HSE/GCR/2016.2, World Health Organization, 2016, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/204368.
Yu, Hanzhi, and Yang Xue. “Biotechnology and Security Threats: National Responses and Prospects for International Cooperation.” Centre for International Governance Innovation, Mar. 2021, p. 18. https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/documents/no.249.pdf.
Zanders, Jean Pascal. Operationalising Article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention. United Nations, 2022, https://www.the-trench.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/202204-BTWC-ISU-Article-VII-Operationalisation.pdf.
Zanders, Jean Pascal, et al. “Tabletop Exercise (TTX) on the Implementation of Article VII of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC).” Fondation Pour La Recherche Stratégique (FRS), Dec. 2019, https://front.un-arm.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/20191206BTWCArticleVII-TTXGenevareportfinal-EN.pdf.
Zanders, Jean Pascal. “Meaning of Emergency Assistance: Origins and Negotiation of Article VII of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.” The Trench, Aug. 2018, p. 39. https://www.the-trench.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Meaning-of-Emergency-Assistance-Final.pdf.
Lampalzer, Alex and Santori, Valeria: “The operationalization of Article VII of the Biological Weapons Convention: Efforts to enhance assistance capacities in response to deliberate bio-events”. VERTIC Verification & Implementation 2019. July 2020. pp. 21-44 https://www.vertic.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/VI-Volume-2-2019-WEB-1.pdf
BWC Working Methods
Burck, Kristoffer, et al. “The Legal Effect of the BWC Review Conferences.” CBWNet Working Paper, no. 02, Nov. 2022. https://cbwnet.org/media/pages/publications/working-paper/legal-effect-bwc-review-conference/0a125b6855-1668500484/cbwnet-wp-02_legal-effect-of-bwc-revcons.pdf.
Edwards, Brett, et al. “Meeting the Challenges of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Strengthening the Chemical and Biological Disarmament and Non-Proliferation Regimes.” Frontiers in Political Science, vol. 4, 2022. Frontiers, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpos.2022.805426.
Gerstein, Daniel. “Could the Bioweapons Treaty Be Another Tool for Addressing Pandemics?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 12 Mar. 2021, https://thebulletin.org/2021/03/could-the-bioweapons-treaty-be-another-tool-for-addressing-pandemics/.
Huigang, Liang, et al. “Development of and Prospects for the Biological Weapons Convention.” Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2022, pp. 50–53. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2021.11.003.
Lim, Yong-Bee. “As Bioweapons Negotiators Prepare to Meet amid a Pandemic and Torrents of Disinformation, Can They Accomplish Anything?” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 15 July 2022, https://thebulletin.org/2022/07/as-bioweapons-negotiators-prepare-to-meet-amid-a-pandemic-and-torrents-of-disinformation-can-they-accomplish-anything/.
Littlewood, Jez. Potential Outcomes of the Ninth BWC Review Conference. UNIDIR, 21 Mar. 2022. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/2021/BWC03.
Revill, James, et al. Preparing for Success at the Ninth Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention Review. UNIDIR, 6 Apr. 2021. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/21/BWC/01.
Compliance, Monitoring, and Review
Chevrier, Marie Isabelle. “Compliance Mechanisms and Their Implementation: The Contrast between the Biological and Chemical Weapons Conventions.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 475–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1878666.
Cropper, Nicholas, Rath, Shrestha, and Teo, Ryan. Creating a Verification Protocol for the Biological Weapons Convention: A Modular-Incremental Approach. June 2022, p. 16, https://www.nti.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Creating-a-Verification-Protocol_FINAL_June2022.pdf.
Drobysz, Sonia. “Verification and Implementation of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 487–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1823102.
Jeremias, Gunnar, and Mirko Himmel. “Can Everyone Help Verify the Bioweapons Convention? Perhaps, via Open Source Monitoring.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 72, no. 6, Nov. 2016, pp. 412–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2016.1240487.
Kane, Angela, et al. Closing the Gap: Establishing a New UN Mechanism for Discerning the Source of Pandemics of Unknown Origins. 25 Apr. 2022, https://www.europeanleadershipnetwork.org/commentary/closing-the-gap-establishing-a-new-un-mechanism-for-discerning-the-source-of-pandemics-of-unknown-origins/.
Klotz, Lynn C. “The Biological Weapons Convention Protocol Should Be Revisited.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 15 Nov. 2019, https://thebulletin.org/2019/11/the-biological-weapons-convention-protocol-should-be-revisited/.
Kraatz-Wadsack, Gabriele. “Experience in Biological Monitoring in Iraq.” The Trench, vol. 4, Oct. 2022, https://www.the-trench.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/HN004-BW-Monitoring-in-Iraq-Kraatz-Wadsack.pdf.
Kraatz-Wadsack, Gabriele. “Monitoring and Verification in the Biological-Weapons Area.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 499–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865629.
Lentzos, Filippa. Compliance and Enforcement in the Biological Weapons Regime. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, 5 Dec. 2019. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE4.
McLeish, Caitríona, and Joshua R. Moon. “Sitting on the Boundary: The Role of Reports in Investigations into Alleged Biological-Weapons Use.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 525–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1872968.
Mezzour, Ghita, et al. “A Socio-Computational Approach to Predicting Bioweapon Proliferation.” IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems, vol. 5, no. 2, June 2018, pp. 458–67. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2018.2813529.
Millett, Piers, et al. Biological Weapons Convention: Feasibility of On-Site Verification. 4213018, 31 May 2022. Social Science Research Network, https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=4213018.
Revill, James, John Borrie, and Richard Lennane. Back To The Future For Verification In The Biological Disarmament Regime? UNIDIR, June 2022. https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/22/BWC/02.
Revill, James, John Borrie, Pavel Podvig, et al. Compliance and Enforcement: Lessons from across WMD-Related Regimes. UNIDIR, 19 Dec. 2019, https://doi.org/10.37559/WMD/19/WMDCE6.
Shearer, Matthew, et al. BWC Assurance: Increasing Certainty in BWC Compliance. 2022040051, Preprints, 7 Apr. 2022. Preprints.org, https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202204.0051.v1.
Walker, John R. “Reflections on the 2001 BWC Protocol and the Verification Challenge.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 507–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1865635.
Wilburn, Jennifer, et al. “Identifying Potential Emerging Threats through Epidemic Intelligence Activities—Looking for the Needle in the Haystack?” International Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol. 89, Dec. 2019, pp. 146–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.011.
Education and Awareness-Raising
Bakerlee, Chris, et al. “Common Misconceptions About Biological Weapons.” Briefer, vol. 12, Dec. 2020, https://councilonstrategicrisks.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Common-Misconceptions-About-Biological-Weapons_BRIEFER-12_2020_12_7.pdf.
Balmer, Brian. “‘Science Was Digging Its Own Grave’: The Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom and the Campaign against Chemical and Biological Warfare.” The Nonproliferation Review, vol. 27, no. 4–6, Sept. 2020, pp. 323–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/10736700.2020.1838703.
Dando, Malcolm, et al. “Towards an Aspirational (Ethical) Code under the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention: Engaging the Life Science Community.” CBW Magazine: Journal on Chemical and Biological Weapons, vol. 14, no. 1–2, 1–2, 2021, pp. 4–23. https://www.idsa.in/cbwmagazine/towards-an-aspirational-ethical-code-under-the-btwc
Dao, K., et al. “Building a Culture of Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Responsible Conduct in the Life Sciences: A View from Mali.” GET Journal of Biosecurity and One Health, vol. 1, no. 1, May 2022. https://doi.org/10.36108/GJOBOH/2202.10.0120.
Fan, Victoria, et al. The Inclusive Cost of Pandemic Influenza Risk. w22137, National Bureau of Economic Research, Mar. 2016, p. w22137. https://doi.org/10.3386/w22137.
Gronvall, Gigi Kwik, et al. “The Biological Weapons Convention Should Endorse the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines for Codes of Conduct.” Trends in Microbiology, Oct. 2022. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tim.2022.09.014.
Inglesby, Thomas V., and Amesh A. Adalja, editors. Global Catastrophic Biological Risks. Springer International Publishing, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36311-6.
Millett, Piers, and Andrew Snyder-Beattie. “Existential Risk and Cost-Effective Biosecurity.” Health Security, vol. 15, no. 4, Aug. 2017, pp. 373–83. https://doi.org/10.1089/hs.2017.0028.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Governance of Dual Use Research in the Life Sciences: Advancing Global Consensus on Research Oversight: Proceedings of a Workshop. The National Academies Press, 2018, https://doi.org/10.17226/25154.
Nixdorff, Kathryn. “International Biosecurity Governance Evolution within the Biological Weapons Convention.” CBWNet Working Paper, no. 03, Nov. 2022, https://cbwnet.org/media/pages/publications/working-paper/biosecurity-governance-evolution-within-the-bwc/592b386201-1668500542/cbwnet-wp-03_international-biosecurity-governance-evolution-within-the-bwc.pdf.
Novossiolova, Tatyana, et al. “Strengthening Biological Security after COVID-19: Using Cartoons for Engaging Life Science Stakeholders with the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC).” Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, vol. 4, no. 1, June 2022, pp. 68–74. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2022.03.001.
World Health Organization, editor. Global Guidance Framework for the Responsible Use of the Life Sciences: Mitigating Biorisks and Governing Dual-Use Research. 13 Sept. 2022, https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240056107.
Xue, Yang, et al. “Building and Implementing a Multi-Level System of Ethical Code for Biologists under the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) of the United Nations.” Journal of Biosafety and Biosecurity, vol. 3, no. 2, Dec. 2021, pp. 108–19. ScienceDirect, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobb.2021.09.001.
Perkins, Dana, Kathleen Danskin, A. Elise Rowe, and Alicia A. Livinski. “The Culture of Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Responsible Conduct in the Life Sciences: A Comprehensive Literature Review.” Applied Biosafety 24, no. 1 (March 2019): 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1177/1535676018778538.
